Bureaucracy in Bangladesh: Past, Present Experiences and Future Expectations

Bureaucracy plays dominant role in the development of the society and it is the cornerstone of modern society. Bangladesh has seen bureaucrats a continuous role in policy formulation and policy implementation. The bureaucracy, in present Bangladesh originates from the bureaucracy in British India. The bureaucracy in this portion of the subcontinent has experienced several ups and downs throughout the three distinct periods of British, Pakistan and Bangladesh era. The bureaucracy in Bangladesh is repeatedly apparent with the issues of corruption, nepotism, inefficiency, lack of accountability and transparency, etc. It is sometimes represented bureaucracy as an undesirable rather progressive facilitator to the progress of the country. Still bureaucracy plays traditional role and calls for a better system to meet the changing needs of the society. The service which citizen get and the services of the public servant renders, the people are disappointed with their performance quality. At present people are conscious of their rights. This paper discusses the loopholes of bureaucracy and provides recommendations to make bureaucracy efficient and meet the demands of the citizens due to the changing needs of the time. Keywords: Bureaucracy, Globalization, Administration, Change, Refor

Does Microcredit Support Get Women Empowerment?: Case of Non-Governmental Organizations(NGOs) in Bangladesh

Women contain half of the total population of Bangladesh and as in the situation in most developing countries or lower middle income countries are reflected the less important sex getting discriminatory action in the household and workstation Though the position and influence of women have enhanced radically as Grameen Bank unlocked its doors before thirty years In spite of some critics the vast mainstream of scholars comes to the decision that microcredit loans stimulated poor women and considerably improved their self-respect and confidence and in this manner they are empowered Not only have Bangladeshi women achieved an upper position in the society because of microcredit then besides the Bangladesh s financial condition has aided from the attachment of so many other people and businesses into the national econom

Topologically Robust Bulk State in Non-Hermitian Acoustic System

A closed system associated with Hermitian Hamiltonian allows real eigenvalues. However, the behavior and dynamics an open system (with gain and loss) will be addressed through the Non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. Though a non-Hermitian operator can allow only imaginary eigenvalues, if the Hamiltonian of a non-Hermitian operator obey the combined parity time (PT)-reversal symmetry it exhibits the real eigenvalues or energy spectrum. That is where the topology comes into account. If we add gain, loss or disorder in the system in such a way that the topology of the system does not change and keeping the topology robust under such disorder we can see many exotic phenomena in both optics and acoustic, like the phenomenon of disorder-free one-way sound propagation, which does not occur in ordinary acoustic devices. Whereas a trivial topological insulator only allows topologically robust edge states, we investigate a one-dimensional tight binding lattice where topologically robust bulk state is observed, which canpave a way to direct transport of acoustic or optical signal through the bulk. In this thesis we will explore the behavior such a system as well as discuss our experimental findings to support our claims. We will also demonstrate how we built a tunable non-Hermitian acoustic filter by adjusting the non-Hermiticity in the system and show how experimental data verifies simulation. The detailed explanation of experimental setup, devices used, data acquisition, post processing will be presented in the last part of the thesis

Representation Of Women In Parliament Of Bangladesh: Is It Hopeful?

The poor representation of women in nearly each policy-making facet of life is a universal matter. In the entire world, women are represented in government in poor ratio to their entire populace. A component of representative democracy is that irrespective of gender, all people have equal prospects to partake in the political arena. In elective points, better representation of women of power is a matter of fairness and parity. Yet, representation of women in many parliaments is often limited. Democracy cannot embellish without a rational representation of women in the parliament, which is the most influential organization of democratic states. The analytical structure of this study undertakes that the presence of women in parliament does not inevitably turn into the functional picture rather it is a result of organizational, sociological and institutional facets. This has failed to make an effective impact on the representation of women in Parliament in a particular political situation. Therefore, the issues that impede or enable women’s representation in elective points differ with the issue of socioeconomic progress, culture and the form of political arrangement. The author has taken a modest endeavor to disclose about the significant matters linked to women’s poor representation in Bangladesh Parliament

QUANTIFYING THE EFFECT OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

A declining area of arable land has heightened pressure to increase food production for a growing world population. The potential to enhance food production by increasing the number of irrigated farms is high on the Canadian Prairies. However, expansion of irrigated farms will likely influence agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Quantification and comparison of energy partitioning of surface energy fluxes, crop microclimatic modification, soil environment variation, and GHG emissions from irrigated and non-irrigated fields in the Canadian Prairies are explored in this research. The observed field data were also used to check the suitability of a regional version of a process-based GHG simulation model, the Denitrification-Decomposition (CDN-DNDC) model. It was found that irrigation alters energy partitioning noticeably, which promoted crop microclimatic modification leading to reduced vapor pressure deficit and canopy temperature. However, despite a much smaller proportion of the net radiation in non-irrigated systems being consumed by evaporation, the dryland fields did not exhibit markedly warmer soil temperatures. Soil water was found as the critical factor in influencing soil GHG emissions, and availability of soil nutrient was the dominant factor in soil N2O emissions from irrigated systems. The performance of the CDN-DNDC model to predict soil moisture under irrigation conditions during growing season was good, which allowed the model to be used to simulate different irrigated conditions. The CDN-DNDC model simulated and measured N2O emissions from irrigated and non-irrigated fields were compared, indicating that this model is suitable to assess N2O emissions from different management systems under irrigated conditions in the Canadian Prairies. According to the CDN-DNDC model, a future increase in irrigated fields will increase N2O emission. However, when crop yield is taken into consideration, there is actually a lower mean annual nitrous oxide intensity in the irrigated field. The performance of the CDN-DNDC model was less accurate in predicting N2O emission and soil water after the spring thaw, and in predicting soil temperature with respect to irrigation. This research provides a first look at energy partitioning, crop microclimatic, and soil environment modification, as well as GHG dynamics from irrigated agricultural fields in the Canadian Prairies

High Performance and Low Cost Passivating, Carrier-Selective Contacts for Silicon Photovoltaics

The world is now focusing on expanding renewable energy sources to reduce the carbon footprint and mitigate climate change. Solar energy is one of the most environment-friendly and fastest-growing renewable energy sources in the present world. While crystalline silicon (c-Si) based devices dominate the global photovoltaics (PV) market with a current share of 95%, it is still challenging to achieve the theoretical efficiency limit of 29.4% with this technology due to a few performance limiting factors. Contact recombination losses are dominant among them which result from the recombination of photo-generated charge carriers due to the presence of defects at the metal-semiconductor interface. These losses can be alleviated by inserting thin layers of passivating carrier selective contact (CSC) between c-Si and the overlying metal layer. Over the years different excellent passivating CSC have been developed for c-Si solar cells. In this work, new technologies are explored to improve the performance and reduce the manufacturing costs of the passivating CSC. A very promising passivating CSC for the next generation c-Si solar cell is tunnel oxide passivated doped polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) contact. In this work, silicon oxide (SiOx) passivated phosphorus-doped poly-Si electron selective contact is developed using an in-line atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition process (APCVD) which is simple, low-cost, high-throughput, and well-suited for high-volume manufacturing. Another excellent passivating CSC is hydrogenated doped amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) contact which is widely used to fabricate c-Si heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. However, this contact degrades if it is annealed at a high temperature ( \u3e \u3e 200°C) during metallization. In this work, a novel laser-sintered metal contact printing process is developed which is able to print metal fingers with low bulk resistivity without damaging the a-Si:H contact and excludes the requirement of post-metallization annealing. Along with the fabrication of these passivating CSC different optical, electrical, and materials characterization have been performed to investigate the properties and the performance of the contacts

Role of women in pond fish farming and fish consumption situation in a selected area of Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, aquaculture makes an important contribution to rural livelihoods for food security, nutrition security and cash income. Small-scale fisheries typically depend on men and women’s roles. The Bangladesh fisheries sector is seen as a male domain and the contribution of women is poorly recognized. This study is concerned with the contribution of rural women in different activities of pond fish farming, profitability of pond fish culture, fish consumption level of the sample households and problems and constraints in pond fish farming. For achieving these objectives, 60 women pond fish farmers were selected randomly from Muktagacha upazila of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. Primary data were collected personally from respondents through a sample survey with the help of a structured and pre-tested interview schedule. Both tabular and econometric techniques were used to analyze the collected data. The major findings indicated that a total working hour in a season (six months) was 418 of an average 12 decimal pond sizes. Men contribute 62.68% (262 hours) and women contribute 37.32% (156 hours) of the total working hours in a season. The per hector/season production, gross return, gross margin and net return were Kg.18188, Tk. 1655108, Tk.740736 and Tk. 654202, respectively. Undiscounted benefit-cost ratio was found 1.65 in the study area. Average per capita fish consumption was 69.01 gm/day, which was higher than the nation average of 44.65 gm/person/day. The main problems faced by the respondents were high feed cost, disease, high labour demand, high cost of a pond excavation, etc. This research concludes that women play a significant role in pond fish farming and achieving household nutrition security. The government and policy makers should acknowledge the women’s contribution in different farming activities and make appropriate policy for women entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh which will lead to achieve sustainable development goals

Macroeconomic Impact of Foreign Direct Investment: A Study on SAARC Countries

With the greater integration of world economy foreign direct investment (FDI) has become a very common feature in almost every countries of the world. But, there is a trend of these FDI flows to be directed towards the developing nations because of emerging opportunities and huge market potentials. However, there are a lot of debates about the contribution of FDI in the developing economies. Therefore this study is intended to measure the macroeconomic impact of FDI in SAARC countries. This study has selected six macroeconomic variables: gross domestic product, inflation, current account balance, government revenue, total foreign exchange reserve and gross capital formation to test the impact of FDI on them. Required data have been collected from the websites of World Bank and International Monetary Fund for a period of 11 years from 2002 to 2012 and analyzed applying correlation and simple regression methods using SPSS 16.0. From the analysis this study has found that if FDI flows into a country increase, the level of gross domestic product, inflation, government revenue, foreign reserve and gross capital formation of that country are also expected to be increased. On the other hand, if FDI increases, current account balance is expected to be decreased in a country. Keywords: FDI, gross domestic product, inflation, current account balance, government revenue, foreign exchange reserve, gross capital formation

MatriVasha: A Multipurpose Comprehensive Database for Bangla Handwritten Compound Characters

At present, recognition of the Bangla handwriting compound character has been an essential issue for many years. In recent years there have been application-based researches in machine learning, and deep learning, which is gained interest, and most notably is handwriting recognition because it has a tremendous application such as Bangla OCR. MatrriVasha, the project which can recognize Bangla, handwritten several compound characters. Currently, compound character recognition is an important topic due to its variant application, and helps to create old forms, and information digitization with reliability. But unfortunately, there is a lack of a comprehensive dataset that can categorize all types of Bangla compound characters. MatrriVasha is an attempt to align compound character, and it's challenging because each person has a unique style of writing shapes. After all, MatrriVasha has proposed a dataset that intends to recognize Bangla 120(one hundred twenty) compound characters that consist of 2552(two thousand five hundred fifty-two) isolated handwritten characters written unique writers which were collected from within Bangladesh. This dataset faced problems in terms of the district, age, and gender-based written related research because the samples were collected that includes a verity of the district, age group, and the equal number of males, and females. As of now, our proposed dataset is so far the most extensive dataset for Bangla compound characters. It is intended to frame the acknowledgment technique for handwritten Bangla compound character. In the future, this dataset will be made publicly available to help to widen the research.Comment: 19 fig, 2 tabl

Impact of Environmental and Stress Factors on the Photosynthetic Capabilities of Plants

Abstract Photosynthesis is the most fundamental and intricate physiological process in all green plants. For the fruitful occurrence of photosynthesis, each plant has certain environmental requirements. They are impacted by the environmental factors and stress during all phases of growth and development. Examples include light availability, water (soil moisture), senescence, carbon strategy and nutrient deficiencies etc. that cause alteration of the net photosynthesis rate of plants. In this study, to determine the effect of different environmental factors on photosynthesis, a number of experiments were conducted where the net photosynthesis, transpirations, water use efficiency and photoinhibition were measured. To study the effect of light intensity, soil moisture, senescence, on net photosynthesis, respectively Ocimum basilicum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Cotinus coggygria, were used. To compare carbon strategy, Pisum sativum and Zea mays were grown under similar condition. How variable nutrient conditions can affect the photosynthesis was studied using a light adapted plant Epilobium augustifolium and shaded tolerant plant Glechoma hederacea. Observations resulted that light intensity at mid-range increases the rate of photosynthesis but exceeding a certain amount caused lowering the efficiency. Net photosynthesis was the maximum under moist condition for Vaccinium vitis-idaea. On the other hand, the senescent leaf had highly similar transpiration rates as the healthy green leaf. Net photosynthesis rate of C4 plants were higher than C3 plants. Overall, the impact of environmental factors on the photosynthesis rate of different plant species was quite apparent